orch - User contributions [en]

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T15:17:47Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. Make sure the reference mechanism and trajectory are correctly set up (i.e., <code>mech_ref = mechanisms/gri12.xml; trajectory_ref = Ref_DRGEP_Species32</code>). The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reference 32-species 177-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The '''computeQSSCriteria''' step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values (i.e., <code>AllowedVariation_A = 0.10; AllowedVariation_b = 0.10; AllowedVariation_E = 0.06</code>).

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations. The optimisation step supports running in parallel. For example, we can use 20 processors via <code>mpirun -np 20 mainprogram</code>. Just make sure that PopSize divided by the number of processes is an integer. This step may take a long time, like several hours, depending on how many processors are used. The optimised scheme is in <code>analytic_schemes/Ref/</code> while the corresponding EPS figures can be found in <code>analytic_schemes/PLOTS/</code>.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T15:11:02Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. Make sure the reference mechanism and trajectory are correctly set up (i.e., <code>mech_ref = mechanisms/gri12.xml; trajectory_ref = Ref_DRGEP_Species32</code>). The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The '''computeQSSCriteria''' step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values (i.e., <code>AllowedVariation_A = 0.10; AllowedVariation_b = 0.10; AllowedVariation_E = 0.06</code>).

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations. The optimisation step supports running in parallel. For example, we can use 20 processors via <code>mpirun -np 20 mainprogram</code>. Just make sure that PopSize divided by the number of processes is an integer. This step may take a long time, like several hours, depending on how many processors are used. The optimised scheme is in <code>analytic_schemes/Ref/</code> while the corresponding EPS figures can be found in <code>analytic_schemes/PLOTS/</code>.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T15:07:54Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The '''computeQSSCriteria''' step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values (i.e., <code>AllowedVariation_A = 0.10; AllowedVariation_b = 0.10; AllowedVariation_E = 0.06</code>).

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations. The optimisation step supports running in parallel. For example, we can use 20 processors via <code>mpirun -np 20 mainprogram</code>. Just make sure that PopSize divided by the number of processes is an integer. This step may take a long time, like several hours, depending on how many processors are used. The optimised scheme is in <code>analytic_schemes/Ref/</code> while the corresponding EPS figures can be found in <code>analytic_schemes/PLOTS/</code>.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T15:07:00Z

Kaidiwan: /* QSS step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The '''computeQSSCriteria''' step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values (i.e., <code>AllowedVariation_A = 0.10; AllowedVariation_b = 0.10; AllowedVariation_E = 0.06</code>).

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations. The optimisation step supports running in parallel. For example, we can use 20 processors via <code>mpirun -np 20 mainprogram</code>. Just make sure that PopSize divided by the number of processes is an integer. This step may take a long time, like several hours, depending on how many processors are used. The optimised scheme is in <code>analytic_schemes/Ref/</code> while the corresponding EPS figures can be found in <code>analytic_schemes/PLOTS/</code>.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T15:01:39Z

Kaidiwan: /* Optimisation */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values (i.e., <code>AllowedVariation_A = 0.10; AllowedVariation_b = 0.10; AllowedVariation_E = 0.06</code>).

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations. The optimisation step supports running in parallel. For example, we can use 20 processors via <code>mpirun -np 20 mainprogram</code>. Just make sure that PopSize divided by the number of processes is an integer. This step may take a long time, like several hours, depending on how many processors are used. The optimised scheme is in <code>analytic_schemes/Ref/</code> while the corresponding EPS figures can be found in <code>analytic_schemes/PLOTS/</code>.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T14:55:25Z

Kaidiwan: /* Optimisation */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values (i.e., <code>AllowedVariation_A = 0.10; AllowedVariation_b = 0.10; AllowedVariation_E = 0.06</code>).

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations. The optimisation step supports running in parallel. For example, we can use 20 processors via <code>mpirun -np 20 mainprogram</code>. Just make sure that PopSize divided by the number of processes is an integer. This step may take a long time, like several hours, depending on how many processors are used.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-06T14:45:28Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with the file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T20:22:28Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with a file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T20:21:55Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = DRGEP_Species</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with a file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = DRGEP_Reactions;</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T14:18:30Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = "DRGEP_Species";</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with a file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = "DRGEP_Reactions";</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T14:17:48Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step (with <code>step = "DRGEP_Species";</code> in the "input_file.ini"), your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with a file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, we then perform the next DRGEP Reactions step by manually change the value of the "step" keyword in the "input_file.ini" as <code>step = "DRGEP_Reactions"</code>. The DRGEP Reactions step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T14:09:19Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step, your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory <code>outputs/Premixed/</code> with a file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, the DRGEP reaction step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T14:07:18Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step, your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine). The following Figure 1 is available in the directory outputs/Premixed/ with a file format of EPS.

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, the DRGEP reaction step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T13:00:15Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step, your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But it is fine).

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, the DRGEP reaction step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==

Premix CH 4/Air flame with scheme GRI12

2019-02-05T12:59:39Z

Kaidiwan: /* DRGEP step */

== '''Objectives''' ==

The Stochastic_GRI12 test case describes a reduction of the GRI1.2 scheme for a 1D premixed flame. Starting with 32 species and 177 reactions, we reduce to 14 species and 26 reactions.

== '''Key parameters''' ==

The target species considered for this test case are O2, CO and CO2. The characteristics of the premixed flame are displayed below (part of the input_file.ini) :

//------Flame parameters------//
//Flame 0
Tf = 300
To = 300
Pressure = 1E+05
Equivalence_ratio = 0.75
Xf = CH4:1.0
Xo = O2:0.21, N2:0.79
// the composition can also be added with mass fractions, for that replace "Xf" by "Yf" and "Xo" by "Yo"
Initial_flame = flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera
Final_flame = flames/flame
//End

== '''Results''' ==

=== DRGEP step ===

While running the DRGEP species step, your terminal should display the following information :

MECHANISM:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial mechanism "mechanisms/gri12.xml" with description "gri12" ----------> OK
Number of species: 32
Number of reactions: 177

PREMIXED FLAME:--------------------------------------------------------------
Reading initial flame "flames/flame__Phi_0_75__P_100000__T_300.cantera" with description "st_flame" ----------> description: test flame
OK
Pressure: 100000
Equivalence ratio: 0.75
Composition (mass fractions):
<O2:0.223145>
<CH4:0.0419532>
<N2:0.734901>

followed by the the species associated with their rank :

-------DRGEP coefficients-------
--------------------------------
1.37642e-15 AR
2.12795e-06 HCCOH
4.32935e-05 C2H
0.000157543 CH2CO
0.000362521 C
0.000444401 C2H2
0.00101888 HCCO
0.00357515 C2H3
0.00398744 CH3OH
0.00409277 CH
0.00543294 CH2OH
0.0126485 C2H4
0.0126485 C2H5
0.0170844 CH2(S)
0.0190984 C2H6
0.0314311 CH2
0.0362943 H2O2
0.0844714 H2
0.0862782 CH3
0.105794 CH2O
0.110349 HCO
0.141159 H2O
0.150828 CH3O
0.218864 O
0.294638 HO2
0.48461 OH
0.48475 H
1 O2
1 CH4
1 CO
1 CO2
1 N2

From a detailed 32 species scheme, we obtain reduced schemes (31 to 14 species). and we choose the one with 14 species for the next step because the shape of the velocity and species are conserved (and Cantera is unable to converge the 13-species scheme. The code will therefore end with an error message. But this is fine).

[[File:DRGEPSpec_14Sp_42R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig1 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 42 reactions, after a DRGEP species reduction (in red).

From the reduced scheme with 14 species, the DRGEP reaction step displays the associated 42 reactions (forward, reverse and global) with their rank :

Reaction 22 9.23227e-06
Reaction 1 2.08238e-05
Reaction 11 2.29985e-05
Reaction 2 5.30076e-05
Reaction 12 0.00029274
Reaction 18 0.00191785
Reaction 6 0.00198407
Reaction 36 0.00293471
Reaction 38 0.00420356
Reaction 31 0.00462285
Reaction 34 0.00611017
Reaction 7 0.00905302
Reaction 10 0.00921383
Reaction 32 0.0106164
Reaction 37 0.0133867
Reaction 8 0.0136681
Reaction 25 0.0237175
Reaction 24 0.0277978
Reaction 29 0.0305413
Reaction 13 0.0329515
Reaction 9 0.0342601
Reaction 3 0.0398655
Reaction 5 0.0422524
Reaction 14 0.0442348
Reaction 19 0.0493222
Reaction 35 0.102885
Reaction 40 0.103946
Reaction 26 0.111933
Reaction 30 0.131232
Reaction 23 0.159996
Reaction 21 0.161005
Reaction 20 0.180048
Reaction 39 0.18465
Reaction 42 0.19675
Reaction 4 0.208145
Reaction 15 0.215404
Reaction 16 0.222982
Reaction 27 0.274358
Reaction 17 0.274617
Reaction 33 0.403162
Reaction 41 0.437888
Reaction 28 0.438952

After this step, by comparing the reference trajectories with the new ones, we choose to delete 16 reactions because after 17 reactions removed, the CO2 profile loose its initial shape.
The next step is performed with 14 species and 26 reactions.

[[File:DRGEPR_14sp_26R_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig2 : Comparison between the trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed computed with the reduced 14-species 42-reaction mechanism (in black) , and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 14 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEP reaction reduction (in red).

=== QSS step ===

The QSS step provides the QSS criteria of each species and the different links with the others species :

Species H 0.0752034
Species O 0.0211171
Species O2 0.33194
Species OH 0.019287
Species H2O 0.379235
Species HO2 0.0113201
Species CH3 0.107792
Species CH4 0.79541
Species CO 0.693792
Species CO2 0.720209
Species HCO 0.00321461
Species CH2O 0.0817911
Species CH3O 0.0360026
Species N2 0

Interactions with species H with QSS Criteria 0.0752034
HO2:2 CH3:1 CH2O:2 CH3O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species O with QSS Criteria 0.0211171
OH:1 HO2:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species OH with QSS Criteria 0.019287
O:1 OH:2 HO2:1 CH3:2 HCO:2 CH2O:1 CH3O:1

Interactions with species HO2 with QSS Criteria 0.0113201
H:2 O:1 OH:1 CH3:1 CH2O:1 N2:1

Interactions with species CH3 with QSS Criteria 0.107792
H:1 O:1 OH:2 HO2:1

Interactions with species HCO with QSS Criteria 0.00321461
OH:2

Interactions with species CH2O with QSS Criteria 0.0817911
H:2 O:1 OH:1 HO2:1

Interactions with species CH3O with QSS Criteria 0.0360026
H:1 O:1 OH:1

Interactions with species N2 with QSS Criteria 0
H:1 HO2:1

We choose to put the species CH3O and HCO in QSS hypothesis due to their low QSS coefficient. The species HO2 could have been a good candidate too but it is linked to himself (non linearity).

In order to obtain the trajectories of the 14-species 26-reaction reduced scheme with these 2 species in QSS hypothesis, we run the '''getQSSfile''' step and we obtain the following graphs.We observe that the final state and the shape of the trajectories are conserved. It is under these conditions that the optimisation step will be efficient.

We can note that the main target profiles are not impacted by the QSS hypothesis, nevertheless the fitness seems better. This is due to errors compensations by the other species not shown here (remind that the fitness is calculated for all species, velocity and temperature, the target just have a larger impact coefficient on the fitness).

[[File:QSS_12sp_Premixed.png|900px|center]]

Fig3 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after a DRGEp reaction reduction (in red).

=== Optimisation ===

The final step of the ORCh method, the genetic algorithm, enables to recover the trajectories of the target species. Firstly, we allowed a 10 % variation on the pre exponential factor, the temperature exposant and 6 % on the energy activation in order to find their optimal values.

A population of 40 elements was used during 50 generations.

The following trajectories of the temperature, the flame speed and the target species match perfectly the ones of the reference detailed scheme with only 12 transported species and 26 reactions.

[[File:Optim_PremixGRI12.png|900px|center]]

Fig4 : Comparison between the reference trajectories of the target species, the temperature and the flame speed (in black), and the trajectories computed with the reduced mechanism with 12 transported species and 26 reactions after optimisation (in red).

== '''Bibliography''' ==